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This is a 25ml fill selective medium for the isolation of Actinomyces spp from clinical specimens. Based on Fastidious Anaerobe Agar enriched with 7% Horse Blood, the medium has been made selective by the inclusion of Nalidixic Acid to inhibit most aerobes, particularly gram-negative bacilli, and Metronidazole to suppress other anaerobes. -
Bacillius cereus Selective Agar (PEMBA) This is a medium for the selective isolation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus in food samples. It is said to be particularly suitable for the detection of small numbers of Bacillus cereus particularly in the presence of other contaminating organisms. The medium is made selective by the inclusion of Polymixin and Sodium Pyruvate is also present which is said to improve Egg Yolk precipitation and enhance sporulation. As Bacillus cereus is Mannitol Negative the colonies are bluish in colour, due to the presence of the Bromothymol Blue Indicator, with a surrounding precipitate of the same colour due to Lecithinase production (from the Egg Yolk). NB: It should be noted that some Proteus spp. and gram positive cocci may grow on this medium. -
Bacillus Cereus (Mannitol Egg Yolk Polymixin - MYP) Agar Intended for the selective enumeration of Bacillus cereus in food samples the medium uses two reactions (Mannitol fermentation and Lecithinase production) to differentiate Bacillus cereus from other members of the species. As Bacillus cereus is Mannitol Negative the colonies are pink in colour due to the presence of Phenol Red Indicator. Lecithinase production (from the Egg Yolk) is indicated by a white precipitate around the colonies. Polymixin is added as the selective agent to inhibit coliforms. NB: It should be noted that some Proteus spp and gram positive cocci may grow on this medium. -
Baird Parker Agar with 5% Egg Yolk Tellurite Baird Parker Agar is a selective medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of coagulase-positive staphylococci. This medium is used extensively for detecting Staphylococcus aureus in foods, dairy products, and other materials. The medium is made highly selective by the inclusion of Lithium Chloride and Potassium tellurite. The Potassium tellurite inhibits most coliforms and is reduced by staphylococci giving rise to black colonies. Glycine and Sodium Pyruvate are included as growth enhancers while the pyruvate also acts as a neutraliser of toxic peroxides. NB: Any black colonies (with or without the halo) on this medium must be confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus by further tests (e.g. Coagulase Test or Latex Agglutination etc.) -
Colorex 0157 with Cefixime & Tellurite This medium replaces the conventional Sorbitol MacConkey Agar that is reputed for high levels of false positives and the difficulty of colonial interpretation and differentiation. Colorex O157 is a chromogenic medium with a very high specificity (98% according to K.A. Bettelheim, 1998 J.Appl.Microbiol.85:425-428) for E.coli O157. To reduce the level of background flora, the medium is made selective by the addition of Cefixime and Potassium tellurite. Positive colonies exhibit a mauve colouration enabling easy interpretation amongst blue or colourless colonies of other bacteria. -
Recent developments in culture media have given rise to the use of chromogenic substrates as a means of differentiating bacteria. This is one such medium and is a selective medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of Listeria monocytogenes from clinical and food samples. The medium is made selective by the inclusion of Lithium chloride, Ceftazidime, Polymixin B, Nalidixic acid (to suppress other bacteria) and Amphotericin B (to suppress yeasts and fungi). With the combination of both the chromogenic substrate and phospholipase C enzyme reactions, it is possible to differentiate L.monocytogenes from other Listeria spp. Users should be aware that some strains of L.ivanovii are capable of producing an opaque halo, highlighting the need to confirm presumptively identified colonies. -
Colorex™ mSuperCARBA™ ™ is a selective and differential chromogenic culture medium, intended for use in the qualitative direct detection of gastrointestinal colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteria (CRE). CPE/CPO stands for Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae / Carbapenemase Producing Organism. This group of bacteria, e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp., are highly resistant to antibiotics (including carbapenems). Colorex™ mSuperCARBA™ was designed to simplify the detection of CPEs, including the “Big Five” such as OXA-48 like enzymes in Enterobacterales, allowing for improved monitoring of high-risk patient groups. The distinctive colony colouration produced by different species can allow for a presumptive positive result to be assessed within 24 hours of receipt of the specimen. Typical colour reactions are as follows:Organism Expected colour CPE E.coli Dark pink to reddish CPE Escherichia coli Metallic blue CPO Klebsiella pneumoniae Translucent, +/- natural pigmentation cream to green CPO Enterococcus faecalis Cream Other Gram (-) CPO Colourless, natural pigmentation Non-CPE E. coli/Coliforms Inhibited Other Gram (-) non-CPO Inhibited Gram (+) bacteria Inhibited -
Columbia Agar Base with 7% Horse Blood & 50mg/L Neomycin Based on Columbia Agar enriched with 7% Horse Blood this formulation has been modified to include Neomycin, which will inhibit most gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes, making it suitable for use as a selective medium for the isolation of many anaerobes. -
Desoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) (Hynes) One of several media designed for the differential selective isolation of Salmonella and Shigella spp from clinical and environmental samples. Lactose is added to the medium together with Neutral Red indicator to assist in the differentiation of Lactose and Non-Lactose fermenting organisms. The medium is made selective by the inclusion of Sodium Desoxycholate and Sodium Thiosulphate, which will inhibit most gram-positive organisms. The Sodium Thiosulphate is also broken down by the enzyme thiosulphate reductase to form Sodium Sulphite and Hydrogen Sulphide. The Hydrogen Sulphide, if present, will in turn react with the ferric ions to produce a black precipitate of Ferrous Sulphide and give rise to the classical black centre of most Salmonellae. It has been suggested that this medium may be more suitable for secondary post-enrichment isolation while the original formulation is more appropriate for the primary inoculation of samples. -
E.E. Broth is recommended as an enrichment medium when examining food and feedstuffs for Enterobacteriaceae. It is a modification of Brilliant Green Bile Broth, with an improved buffering capacity to encourage early growth and prevent autosterilization. E.E. Broth uses glucose instead of lactose to make the medium a test for all enterobacteria including non-lactose fermenting organisms. This formulation complies with the Harmonized USP/EP/JP. -
Enterobacteriaceae Enrichment Broth E.E. Broth is recommended as an enrichment medium when examining food and feedstuffs for Enterobacteriaceae. It is a modification of Brilliant Green Bile Broth, with an improved buffering capacity to encourage early growth and prevent autosterilization. E.E. Broth uses glucose instead of lactose to make the medium a test for all enterobacteria including non lactose fermenting organisms. -
Fastidious Anaerobe Agar (FAA) with 5% Sheep Blood Fastidious Anaerobe Agar is intended as a primary isolation medium capable of supporting most clinically significant anaerobes including fastidious organisms. The formulation is complex and includes detoxification agents (Starch & Sodium Bicarbonate) growth enhancing agents (Cysteine, Arginine, Vitamin K, Sodium Succinate, Glucose and pyrophosphate) as well as Haemin to encourage pigment production in Porphyromonas melaninogenicus. Sodium Pyruvate is also included to help neutralise Hydrogen Peroxide. In this instance the medium is further enriched by the addition of 5% Sheep Blood. -
Fastidious Anaerobe Agar is intended as a primary isolation medium capable of supporting most clinically significant anaerobes including fastidious organisms. The formulation is complex and includes detoxification agents (starch and sodium bicarbonate), growth enhancing agents (cysteine, arginine, vitamin K, sodium succinate, glucose and pyrophosphate), as well as haemin to encourage pigment production in Porphyromonas melaninogenicus. Sodium pyruvate is also included to help neutralise hydrogen peroxide. In this instance the medium is further enriched by the addition of 5% horse blood. This product is suitable for use with the EUCAST disc diffusion method for selected rapidly growing anaerobic bacteria. -
Fastidious Anaerobe Agar (FAA) with 7% Horse Blood & Neomycin (75mg/L) Fastidious Anaerobe Agar is intended as a primary isolation medium capable of supporting most clinically significant anaerobes including fastidious organisms. The formulation is complex and includes detoxification agents (Starch & Sodium Bicarbonate) as well as growth enhancing agents (Cysteine, Arginine, Vitamin K, Sodium Succinate, Glucose and pyrophosphate) as well as Haemin to encourage pigment production in Porphyromonas melaninogenicus. Sodium Pyruvate is also included to help neutralise Hydrogen Peroxide. In this instance the medium is made more selective by the inclusion of 75mg/L of Neomycin to inhibit most enteric organisms and further enriched by the addition of 7% Horse Blood. -
Fastidious Anaerobe Agar with 7% Horse Blood, Vancomycin (6mg/L) & Nalidixic Acid (10mg/L) This is a selective medium for the isolation of gram-negative anaerobes from clinical specimens. The base medium, Fastidious Anaerobe Agar, is complex and includes detoxification agents (Starch & Sodium Bicarbonate), growth enhancing agents (Cysteine, Arginine, Vitamin K, Sodium Succinate, Glucose and pyrophosphate) as well as Haemin to encourage pigment production where appropriate. Sodium Pyruvate is also included to help neutralise Hydrogen Peroxide. The medium is made selective, by the inclusion of Naladixic Acid and Vancomycin and further enriched by the addition of 7% Horse Blood. -
Fastidious Anaerobe Agar with 7% Horse Blood Fastidious Anaerobe Agar is intended as a primary isolation medium capable of supporting most clinically significant anaerobes including fastidious organisms. The formulation is complex and includes detoxification agents (Starch & Sodium Bicarbonate) growth enhancing agents (Cysteine, Arginine, Vitamin K, Sodium Succinate, Glucose and pyrophosphate) as well as Haemin to encourage pigment production in Porphyromonas melaninogenicus. Sodium Pyruvate is also included to help neutralise Hydrogen Peroxide. In this instance the medium is further enriched by the addition of 7% Horse Blood. -
BM0160 Fastidious Anaerobe Broth is designed for the culture of fastidious anaerobes, particularly Bacteroides species, and is also suitable for use as an anaerobic blood culture medium. BM0160 is recommended by the UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations and is formulated and tested in compliance with the principals of ISO 11133:2014. Peptone and yeast extract supply the required carbon, nitrogen, and vitamins. Haemin, vitamin K, L-arginine, and L-cysteine HCl are additional growth factors required by some anaerobes. Sodium thioglycolate and L-cysteine HCl help lower the pH of the medium to maintain anaerobicity and starch and sodium hydrogen carbonate help neutralise toxins. The increased viscosity produced by addition of agar helps prevent oxygen diffusion in the final medium. Resazurin is a redox indicator and sodium chloride maintains the osmotic balance. -
A medium designed for optimum growth of anaerobes, particularly the fastidious organisms, it is generally used as an enrichment broth and can be used as a Blood Culture Medium. The growth factors Vitamin K, Haemin and L-Cysteine are included in the medium to assist those anaerobes that require them. L-Cysteine together with Sodium Thioglycollate reduces the ph of the medium and the Agar is present to reduce the absorption of Oxygen and convection currents. The redox indicator Resazurin is also present. The addition of glass beads will allow for the maceration of the sample and aid the homogenisation of the suspension. -
A modification of UVM Medium, Fraser Broth is a secondary selective enrichment broth for the isolation of Listeria spp primarily from food and environmental specimens. The medium is made selective by the inclusion of Nalidixic Acid and Acriflavine. Darkening of the broth following incubation, due to the presence of Aesculin and Ferric Ammonium Citrate, is indicative of the presence of Listeria spp. Lithium Chloride is also included to inhibit the growth of enterococci that would otherwise hydrolyse the Aesculin. This medium is generally used in conjunction with Fraser Broth Half-Strength (BM0647). NB: It should be noted that the lack of darkening of the broth should not be taken as a final negative result and all Fraser Broth enrichment cultures should be sub-cultured onto an appropriate selective agar medium irrespective of colour. -
A modification of UVM11 Medium, Fraser Broth Half-Strength is a primary selective enrichment broth for the isolation of Listeria spp. from food and environmental samples and is generally used in conjunction with Fraser Broth (BM0640). Although the base is identical to Fraser Broth it differs in that it contains only half the quantity of selective agents (Nalidixic acid and Acriflavine). -
This is a non-selective medium for the maintenance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultures. Based on the medium developed by Thayer & Martin, it includes Corn Starch to absorb toxic metabolites and is buffered to maintain a neutral pH. Yeast Extract and Glucose are also added as further enrichment along with laked horse blood to ensure an more luxuriant growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. NB: This is a Basic medium only and DOES NOT contain any selective agents. It is therefore not recommended for use as a primary isolation medium. -
This is one of a number of media available for the selective isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Based on the medium of Thayer & Martin it includes Corn Starch to absorb toxic metabolites and is buffered to maintain a neutral pH. The medium is enriched with Defibrinated Horse Blood where the blood has been ‘chocolated’ by heating the medium to 60°C and made selective by the inclusion of VCAT (Vancomycin, Colistin, Amphotericin and Trimethoprim). Vancomycin and Colistin inhibit the growth of the majority of contaminating organisms likely to be present. Trimethoprim is included to reduce the spread of Proteus spp and Amphotericin to suppress yeasts. Yeast Extract and Glucose are also added as further enrichment. -
There are a number of media available for the selective isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae of which this is one. Based on the medium developed by Thayer & Martin, it includes Corn Starch to absorb toxic metabolites and is buffered to maintain a neutral pH. The medium is made selective by the inclusion of LCAT (Lincomycin, Colistin, Amphotericin B & Trimethoprim). Lincomycin and Colistin inhibit the growth of the majority of contaminating organisms likely to be present. Trimethoprim is included to reduce the spreading of Proteus spp and Amphotericin B to inhibit yeasts and fungi. Yeast Extract and Glucose are also added as further enrichment along with laked horse blood to ensure an more luxuriant growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. -
There are a number of media available for the selective isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae of which this is one. Based on the medium developed by Thayer & Martin, it includes Corn Starch to absorb toxic metabolites and is buffered to maintain a neutral pH. The medium is made selective by the inclusion of VCAT (Vancomycin, Colistin, Amphotericin B & Trimethoprim). Vancomycin and Colistin inhibit the growth of the majority of contaminating organisms likely to be present. Trimethoprim is included to reduce the spreading of Proteus spp and Amphotericin B to inhibit yeasts and fungi. Yeast Extract and Glucose are also added as further enrichment along with laked horse blood to ensure an more luxuriant growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. -
There are a number of media available for the selective isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae of which this is one. Based on the medium developed by Thayer & Martin, it includes Corn Starch to absorb toxic metabolites and is buffered to maintain a neutral pH. The medium is made selective by the inclusion of VCNT (Vancomycin, Colistin, Nystatin & Trimethoprim). Vancomycin and Colistin inhibit the growth of the majority of contaminating organisms likely to be present. Trimethoprim is included to reduce the spreading of Proteus spp and Nystatin to inhibit yeasts and fungi. Yeast Extract and Glucose are also added as further enrichment along with laked horse blood to ensure an more luxuriant growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. -
A medium for the selective isolation of group B streptococci. This information has been obtained directly from the HPA files at the customers request. -
One of several media available as a selective identification medium for the isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes in food & clinical laboratories. Using Columbia Agar as the base Lithium Chloride is included to inhibit enterococci and Acriflavine to inhibit some other gram positive and gram negative organisms that may be present in such specimens. It is made further selective by the addition of the antimicrobials Cefoxitin, Colistin & Fosfomycin with Amphotericin included to inhibit any yeasts present. Aesculin is present as an indicator since Listeria monocytogenes will hydrolyse it and the associated reaction with the Ferric Ammonium Citrate gives rise to a black precipitate around the colonies. -
Based on Fastidious Anaerobe Agar Base with added Egg Yolk Emulsion, this medium can be used to test Clostridium perfringens for phospholipase production. A zone of opalescence around the colonies is indicative of a positive reaction. It can also be used as an aid to identification of Clostridium perfringens if antitoxin is spread onto half of the plate prior to inoculation (Nagler Reaction). -
For in vitro diagnostic use. BM0540 Nutrient Agar is a basic general-purpose medium suitable for use in the cultivation and subculture of the less fastidious organisms. Nutrient agar was first described by the American Public Health Association (APHA) in 1917. It is used to check the purity of subcultures from isolation plates prior to biochemical or serological tests. It is particularly useful for the cultivation of the less fastidious organisms, particularly those that do not require the addition of blood or other enrichment. It is one of the most important and commonly used non-selective media for the routine cultivation of microorganisms. Nutrient Agar slopes can be used to maintain organisms as it allows prolonged survival of cultures at ambient temperature without the risk of overgrowth that might occur with more nutritious mediums. -
This is a selective differential medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from food, clinical and environmental specimens. -
A general-purpose medium that can be used as a base for carbohydrate fermentation media. It has a high level of Tryptone and is therefore also suitable for use in Indole testing. -
PP7025 Primary Listeria Agar is a selective medium for the isolation, enumeration and presumptive identification of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes from food and environmental samples. Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in soil, sewage, and faeces. It is difficult to eradicate, and can cause serious food poisoning; therefore, L. monocytogenes is frequently tested for in food processing facilities to avoid contamination. Contamination can occur at all steps of the food manufacturing chain from raw materials to point of consumption. Primary Listeria Agar is used for the detection and presumptive identification of Listeria spp. and the specific differentiation of L. monocytogenes. Based on the method of Ottaviani et al (1 2), this medium allows detection and enumeration of Listeria spp. as early as 24 hours. Primary Listeria Agar is recommended by ISO 11290-1:2017 (3) and ISO 11290-2:2017 (4) and tested in accordance with ISO 11133:2014 (5).- Ottaviani, F., Ottaviani, M., and Agosti M. (1997) Differential agar medium for Listeria monocytogenes. Quimper Froid Symposium Proceedings, P6 ADRIA Quimper, France, 16-18 June.
- Ottaviani, F., Ottaviani, M.G., and Agosti, M. (1997). Esperienze su un agar selettivo e differenziale per Listeria monocytogenes. Industrie Alimentari, 36: 888-889.
- International Organization for Standardization (2017) 11290-1:2017 Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes and of Listeria spp. – Part 1: Detection method. Geneva, ISO.
- International Organization for Standardization (2017) 11290-2:2017 Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes and of Listeria spp. – Part 2: Enumeration method. Geneva, ISO.
- International Organization for Standardization (2014) 11133:2014 Microbiology of food, animal feed and water – Preparation, production, storage and performance testing of culture media. Geneva, ISO.
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Tryptone Bile X (TBX) - Glucuronide Agar Recent developments in culture media have given rise to the use of chromogenic substrates as a means of differentiating bacteria particularly among the coliform group of organisms. This is one such medium and has been developed as a selective medium for the isolation and enumeration of Escherichia coli in food samples. Based on Tryptone Bile Agar it incorporates the chromogenic agent X-glucuronide, which detects glucuronidase activity, the same enzyme as is detected by MUG reagent. Escherichia coli can be differentiated from other coliform organisms by the presence of glucuronidase resulting in the colonies being blue/green while the other coliforms are colourless. For information on the full technical detail as to the functionality of this medium reference should be made to the many publications available. -
Traditionally, standard methods for enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria in water have used nutritionally rich media with incubation at 35°C. This may represent only a small percentage of bacteria present in the sample. R2A agar is a nutritionally reduced medium which, when combined with incubation at lower temperatures for longer time periods, results in enhanced recovery of stressed and chlorine damaged organisms from treated waters resulting in higher more realistic bacterial counts. -
R2A medium was developed to determine the bacterial count including heterotrophic bacteria in potable waters during treatment and distribution. This medium has a low nutritional content and therefore requires extended incubation times. It is recommended by the Environmental Agency, Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials, and Standard Methods for the Enumeration of Water and Wastewater. -
Originally intended as a medium for the enumeration of enterococci in water using Membrane Filtration, this medium has become more popular in many other areas such as food bacteriology. The medium contains Tetrazolium Chloride, which is reduced by enterococci to the insoluble red dye Formazan resulting in dark red colonies of enterococci on the agar. It should be noted that this reaction is not exclusive to enterococci and colonies should be confirmed by additional testing e.g. Aesculin hydrolysis. -
This medium is utilised for the transportation and cryopreservation of Streptococcus pneumoniae & Neisseria meningitidis isolates.
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BM1436 Tryptone Soya Agar (pH 7.2) is used for a wide range of applications, including culture storage, enumeration of cells, isolation of pure cultures, or general culture. It has been found to be useful in cosmetic testing, water, and wastewater applications. This medium meets the requirements of The British Standards Institution (1) and is tested according to the principles of ISO 11133:2014 (2). and is based on the original formulation described by Leavitt et al. in 1955 (3). In environmental monitoring applications, it is common for plates to be incubated at 30-35°C for bacterial colonies and 20-25°C for mould and fungi (4).
- The British Standards Institution (2015) BS EN 16615:2015 Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative test method for the evaluation of bactericidal and yeasticidal activity on non-porous surfaces with mechanical action employing wipes in the medical area (4- field test). Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2). Published by BSI Standards Limited.
- International Organization for Standardization (2014) 11133:2014 Microbiology of food, animal feed and water – Preparation, production, storage and performance testing of culture media. Geneva, ISO.
- Leavitt, J., Naidorf, I. and Shugaevsky, P. (1955) Aerobes and anaerobes in endodontics. Part I. The undetected anaerobes in endodontics. Part II. Sensitive culture medium for the detection of both aerobes and anaerobes. NYSDJ, 25, pp.377-382.
4. Anon. (1987) Testing methods for use in quality assurance of culture media. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 5, pp.291-296
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Recent developments in culture media have given rise to the use of chromogenic substrates as a means of differentiating bacteria particularly among the coliform group of organisms. This is one such medium and has been developed primarily as a selective medium for the isolation and enumeration of Escherichia coli in food samples. Based on Tryptone Bile Agar it incorporates the chromogenic agent X-glucuronide, which detects glucuronidase activity, the same enzyme as is detected by MUG reagent. Escherichia coli can be differentiated from other coliform organisms by the presence of glucuronidase resulting in the colonies being blue/green while the other coliforms are colourless. For information on the full technical detail as to the functionality of this medium reference should be made to the many publications available. -
The Viral Collection Kit is intended to be used to collect specimens suspected of containing virus and to preserve active virus during transport to a laboratory for analysis (1). The kit consists of a sterile swab for specimen collection from most body areas* and Virus Transport Medium (VTM) for the transportation of viral samples from the patient to the diagnostic laboratory. The stability of viral specimens afforded by the product formulation enables specimen transport and subsequent storage in the 2-30°C range for up to 72 hours before starting analysis. Virus Transport Medium: The inclusion of Hanks balanced salt solution produces an isotonic medium with buffering capacity to maintain pH, provides essential mineral salts, and a visual pH indicator. HEPES provides additional pH stability and bovine serum albumin is present to help stabilise virus particles. Gentamicin and amphotericin B are added to prevent growth of unwanted bacteria and fungi that may be present in the specimen. 1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 2014. M40-A2 Quality Control of Microbiological Transport Systems; Approved Standard Second Edition. *Not suitable for nasopharyngeal swabbing. -
BM1673 Virus Transport Medium (VTM) is a balanced medium for the transportation of viral samples (with or without a swab). The inclusion of Hanks balanced salt solution produces an isotonic medium with buffer capacity to maintain pH, provide essential mineral salts, and a visual pH indicator. Bovine serum albumin is present to help stabilise virus particles. Gentamicin & amphotericin B are added to prevent growth of bacteria and fungi that may be present in the specimen. • 3ml in self-standing M043 Tube • Aseptically filled • Red cap with swab capture point • Non-hazardous • Storage: 2-25°C • Shelf life: 365 days • Diagnostic processing should commence within 72hrs of sample collection. Medium is suitable for analysis via molecular (eg PCR), cell culture and immunofluorescence testing procedures. -
Originally intended for use in surface counting and pour plating techniques in food and dairy products this medium can be used as a general-purpose medium for the cultivation of most non-fastidious organisms.
